SUBSCRIBER+ EXCLUSIVE ANALYSIS — With all the eye being paid to Taiwan in the intervening time, the long-simmering state of affairs within the South China Sea doesn’t all the time get the eye that it deserves. That’s altering after a spate of shut calls and violent run-ins within the important waterway, primarily involving China and the Philippines.
BOTTOM LINE UP FRONT
This month the 2 nations traded accusations over a collision between a Chinese language coast guard ship and a Philippine provide vessel close to the Second Thomas Shoal. Beijing stated the Philippine ship had “illegally intruded” into the world and “intentionally and dangerously” approached the Chinese language vessel; Manila, which calls the waterway the West Philippine Sea, described the incident as a “brutal assault” by the Chinese language. The Philippine authorities launched footage that confirmed the Chinese language boat ram the Philippine vessel. Philippine officers stated Chinese language crew members armed with spears and knives boarded their vessel, and that a number of Filipinos had been injured within the incident, together with one sailor who misplaced his thumb.
On Friday, China demanded that the U.S. cease supporting “provocations” by the Philippines, after the U.S. expressed concern over China’s “destabilizing actions within the South China Sea.”
Previous incidents within the South China Sea have included cases of China firing water cannons at Philippine boats and a mission by a Filipino civilian flotilla to sail to a disputed shoal. Different Southeast Asian nations – Vietnam specifically – have challenged Chinese language claims within the contested waters as properly.
The competing claims contain each sovereignty and competitors over pure sources, and for greater than a decade, China has carried out a significant navy buildup on varied contested small islands. As The Cipher Temporary has reported, consultants and officers at the moment are warning that tensions within the South China Sea could spark a wider battle.
Within the wake of the most recent incident, The Cipher Temporary turned to 3 consultants to evaluate the dangers. Author Ethan Masucol spoke with Rear Admiral Rommel Jude Ong, former Vice Commander of the Philippine Navy; and Managing Editor Tom Nagorski spoke with a pair of Cipher Temporary consultants – Ambassador Joseph DeTrani, a former CIA Director of East Asia Operations, and Rear Admiral Mark Montgomery, Senior Fellow on the Basis for Protection of Democracies.
From their completely different vantage factors, all three warned that the dangers of escalation are nice, and {that a} 73-year-old mutual protection treaty may draw within the U.S.
“If China bodily assaults a treaty ally of america,” Montgomery stated. “It’s going to place us in a really robust place as a result of this isn’t like Ukraine and Russia, the place Ukraine was not a treaty ally. This turns into a credibility challenge for america.”
THE CONTEXT
- A Chinese language coast guard ship rammed a Philippine boat trying to provide a garrison of Filipino troops on the Sierra Madre, a grounded warship on the disputed Second Thomas Shoal. The atoll is inside the Philippines’ 200-mile unique financial zone.
- Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. stated Manila is not going to yield to “any international energy,” however is not going to begin a conflict. He added that the Philippines should “do extra” than simply protest China’s more and more aggressive actions within the South China Sea.
- The U.S. condemned China’s “escalatory and irresponsible” actions within the South China Sea and reaffirmed help for Manila.
- The Philippines and the U.S. have a Mutual Protection Treaty, signed in 1951. Up to date by latest Bilateral Protection Pointers, the treaty reaffirms that an armed assault within the Pacific in opposition to both nation’s armed forces will invoke mutual protection commitments.
- Marcos Jr.’s advisors stated the Philippines is not going to invoke the Mutual Protection Treaty in response to the most recent Second Thomas Shoal incident.
- In April 2023, the U.S. and Philippines agreed to broaden their Enhanced Protection Cooperation Association, giving the U.S. navy entry to 4 further navy websites within the Philippines, to a complete of 9.
THE EXPERTS
Rear Adm. (Ret.) Rommel Jude G. Ong
Rear Admiral Rommel Jude G. Ong retired in 2019 as Vice Commander of the Philippines Navy. He beforehand commanded Naval Forces West, Naval Process Forces 11 and 80, Naval Intelligence Safety Power, and three commissioned naval vessels. He’s at present serving as Professor of Praxis with Ateneo Faculty of Authorities in Manila. He’s a graduate of the Philippines Navy Academy, the Nationwide Protection School of the Philippines, and the U.S. Naval Conflict School.
Joseph DeTrani, Former Particular Envoy for Six-Celebration Talks with North Korea
Ambassador DeTrani served because the U.S. Consultant to the Korea Power Improvement Group (KEDO), in addition to former CIA director of East Asia Operations. He additionally served as Affiliate Director of Nationwide Intelligence and Mission Supervisor for North Korea and the Director of the Nationwide Counter Proliferation Middle, ODNI. He at present serves on the Board of Managers at Sandia Nationwide Laboratories.
Excerpts from these interviews have been frivolously edited for brevity and readability.
The Cipher Temporary: Given the latest spate of actions within the South China Sea, how frightened ought to we be? How harmful a second is that this?
DeTrani: It’s a harmful second. I believe again to the EP-3 incident, once I was the chief of East Asia operations in 2001 at CIA, and a Chinese language jet slammed right into a (U.S.) reconnaissance plane flying in worldwide airspace and the Chinese language misplaced their pilot. That grew to become a significant incident between america and the Folks’s Republic of China. So sure, incidents like this might flare up and escalate in a short time.
Montgomery: We’re beginning to get in direction of the “extra seemingly.” There’ve been a number of incidents up to now, and up to now just about everybody has backed all the way down to China. What’s completely different now could be that the present chief, President Marcos of the Philippines, has determined to make use of a transparency initiative – as in, I’m going to do what I must do to keep up my reliable claims to the Second Thomas Shoal and Scarborough Shoal. They take press with them typically, and it’s actually placing the Chinese language in a troublesome place as a result of principally they’ve been a bully. And the very last thing a bully likes to see is transparency.
This results in the concept that it might escalate, that China will both need to be a much bigger bully or again down – and China doesn’t have a observe of backing down. They’re a bully to their neighbors and certainly one of them is lastly standing up.
Ong: We contemplate it an escalation from earlier practices or earlier actions [China has] taken within the West Philippine Sea, extra particularly for Second Thomas Shoal.
Perhaps their notion is their sense of management over the narrative and their management of the state of affairs is being challenged, and their response could be a technique of compensating for that notion.
The Cipher Temporary: President Marcos stated two seemingly various things within the aftermath of the most recent incident. He stated the Philippines has by no means began a conflict and has no intention to take action. He additionally stated the Philippines has by no means and can by no means “yield to a international energy.” Unpack these two statements for us.
DeTrani: The latter is true on the mark. He’s not yielding. He’s displaying an awesome resolve. And that’s to be applauded. And so they’ve not began a battle. They’re offering sources to the Second Thomas Shoal. There are troops which can be there, sustaining that ingredient of Philippine territory.
Ong: I believe it’s a really clear-cut assertion. Primary, the Philippine authorities is not going to take actions that can begin a battle – however whereas it takes that place, which is in keeping with the UN Constitution, it doesn’t imply that we’re going to appease China or hand over our sovereign rights in response to China’s actions. So I don’t see any battle. It’s a really clear assertion from a president defending the nation’s curiosity.
Montgomery: What that is saying is, Look, I’m going to proceed to say my reliable claims. I’m not going to be the primary one to strike an adversary’s ship. I’m going to pressure the Chinese language to proceed to behave inappropriately in the event that they need to forestall me from doing this. So that they’ll proceed maritime resupply, they’ll proceed to strive air resupply. They may keep the Marines on board that rusting hulk of the Sierra Madre on the market, which is an outdated U.S. touchdown ship that the Philippines beached there in 1999. However they’re going to keep up their footprint on the Shoal with their folks, and so they’re going to keep up their declare.
And that is going to be an issue for China. China isn’t used to having somebody stand as much as them. China has a particular view that, I’m a giant nation, you’re a small nation, you’ll bend to my will.
The Cipher Temporary: President Marcos’ advisors additionally stated the Philippines was not ready – on the premise of this or different run-ins with the Chinese language within the South China Sea – to invoke the U.S.-Philippines Mutual Protection Treaty (MDT). What’s in that treaty, and what does it compel by way of a U.S. response if it’s invoked?
Montgomery: The treaty is from 1951. If one facet is attacked, it does say that we’ll get collectively and provide you with a complete plan collectively. It isn’t a hair-trigger treaty, however it’s not fairly a cup-of-coffee treaty both – like, simply give me a name, we’ll have a cup of espresso. It’s someplace in between.
In consequence, we do workouts and war-gaming of occasions and points. And we’re at some extent the place each international locations are very keen to train components of the treaty, each as a deterrent indication to China, but additionally to make it possible for we perceive one another’s processes and may effectively and agilely decide – largely in hopes of deterring China from doing one thing silly right here.
Ong: The MDT is meant to be an settlement that in case a (Philippine) authorities vessel – Navy, coast guard, or no matter – is attacked, then the treaty may be invoked. If a Filipino serviceman, that means within the uniform service, dies due to actions, then that may very well be a situation for invoking the MDT.
DeTrani: Whether it is invoked, it actually compels us to return to the help of the Philippines, if certainly they’re attacked or invaded by a international energy. So all of the items come collectively right here after we’re speaking in regards to the Second Thomas Shoal.
Montgomery: If China bodily assaults a treaty ally of america, it’s going to place us in a really robust place as a result of this isn’t like Ukraine and Russia, the place Ukraine was not a treaty ally. This turns into a credibility challenge for america with Japan, with Korea, to some extent with Taiwan, and even with our NATO allies. There are questions on the market in regards to the reliability of america as a associate. They stretch again to the Trump administration, however the Biden administration’s efficiency within the withdrawal from Afghanistan did nothing to make folks assume, properly, it is a one-party challenge in america. Each events have bother sustaining credible commitments to allies and companions.
And right here, in the course of Asia, it is advisable display the credibility of the U.S. dedication, and right here’s a 73-year-old treaty. It is advisable seem like you’re severe for those who’re america.
I believe the Philippines are proper to not have stated that this occasion was trigger for invocation of the treaty, however we’re a lot nearer at present than we had been three or 4 months in the past to attending to the purpose the place at a minimal, the Philippines ask for conferences in accordance with the treaty to debate the rising threats. The US is clearly desperately hoping that this doesn’t happen. A part of our public statements in regards to the treaty and our reaffirmation, is to say to China, Look, we’re severe. Whereas on the similar time, saying to the Philippines, Please don’t make us do that.
Ong: I believe there are various layers or many lenses with respect to MDT right here within the Philippines. After all, most of the people, peculiar Filipinos, would say, “OK, we now have issues. We want the U.S. We’ll invoke the MDT.”
However from a coverage perspective, I believe we share the identical view with the U.S. authorities that it’s not one thing that you simply invoke outright. And it’s a must to calibrate that. The MDT is a deterrent and it’s like your proverbial nuclear button. When you push it, then it loses its impact. I believe among the many policymaking elites, they’re not likely that eager on invoking the MDT. As a lot as doable, the Philippines want to handle the issue alone, as a result of we need to counter the Chinese language narrative that it is a U.S.-China downside and that the U.S. is utilizing the Philippines as a pawn.
Our posture has been that we now have sovereign rights over using our unique financial zone. The capability challenge is, we don’t have the sources to truly safe the complete unique financial zone. So the problem for the Philippines is definitely how can we plug these holes? That’s why we’re working with the U.S. and different strategic companions, to mitigate the hole that we now have by way of capability, in addressing these challenges to our unique financial zone.
The Cipher Temporary: Once we speak in regards to the South China Sea, there are all these bits of land – islands, outcroppings, rocks, reefs. What are we speaking about by way of precise items of territory?
Montgomery: A great deal of these are usually not islands that generate territorial waters, or unique financial zones. They’re options that at excessive tide don’t have any publicity and at low tide have some publicity. China went round and did reclamation with sand and large diggers, and it did this at various completely different islands initially – and so they’re not the one nation. Vietnam’s achieved some reclamation as properly.
A global tribunal on the regulation of the ocean had a ruling in 2016. The Philippines introduced a case in opposition to China, and whereas sovereignty wasn’t determined, China’s nine-dash line (claiming some 80% of the South China Sea) was thrown out.
Second Thomas Shoal is fairly near the Philippines and can be naturally in its unique financial zone. The waters beneath it and sources round it naturally fall to the Philippines, which is why China’s being so belligerent about this. Scarborough Shoal is a little bit farther offshore, however they’ve had the identical perspective there. This type of habits is unacceptable. It runs opposite to worldwide regulation.
DeTrani: We’re speaking about crucial items of territory. Over 60% of world maritime commerce passes via the South China Sea and the Malacca Strait. So this is a vital space and it’s additionally wealthy in minerals and oil and pure fuel and fisheries. And it is a territory that for China, goes again to the Han Dynasty, on as much as the Qing dynasty to 1911. China’s saying this has all the time been our turf, we’ve all the time been answerable for the South China Sea. Why are you all involved about this challenge? This has been our territory for hundreds of years.
The Cipher Temporary: How a lot of the South China Sea dispute is actually about territory and sovereignty, versus pure sources?
Montgomery: First I’d say that sovereignty or misplaced sovereignty is a fairly compelling trigger for conflict. And if we want any examples of that, we will take a look at Russia and Ukraine and see how misplaced demand for sovereignty from the Russians has led us thus far.
However second, proper behind sovereignty, there are financial sources there. There’s a extra compelling case while you take a look at the Chinese language-Vietnamese struggle over water as a result of there’s identified oil and pure fuel fields to use. However there’s a presumption of sources in what ought to usually be thought of the Philippine unique financial zone, the world 200 miles or so off their coast. And there’s fishing, though the Chinese language have achieved rather a lot to break the fishing there with their unlawful reclamation of islands, of shoals all through the South China Sea. However there’s nonetheless fishing there. There’s nonetheless pure sources to be extracted from the seabed. And so there’s worth in that. I put {that a} sturdy second, however primary continues to be sovereignty.
Ong: If you discuss sovereign rights, which means the train of rights to use sources inside your unique financial zone. So Chinese language presence in our areas hits us in two important factors: vitality safety and meals safety.
For vitality safety, we’re speaking particularly about Reed Financial institution. There’s a service contract space there that we’re presupposed to discover and faucet as a possible alternative for the Malampaya fuel, which is anticipated to be depleted by 2027.
The second is meals safety. One of the best illustration of that will be Scarborough Shoal, which is a supply of protein, no less than for the northern a part of the Philippines that sources fish there. It may not be substantial by way of GDP, however simply the identical, Chinese language presence in Scarborough represents impacts on our sense of meals safety.
The Cipher Temporary: What’s a pathway to de-escalation? Are there methods to decrease the temperature recipe right here?
Montgomery: To begin with, within the brief time period, and from the Philippines perspective, is to strive their hardest to not let this escalate at this second. However within the background needs to be this long-term effort, which is the place america and the Philippines improve and develop their navy relationship and their financial partnership. For the Philippines, China is its first or second largest exporter and importer, and america is one other huge participant. However we have to step up and make our financial entry simpler for the Philippines, to start to displace China because the financial associate of selection and have sturdy safety preparations.
We have now been rising beneath the improved cooperation protection settlement. About eight years in the past, we recognized 5 navy bases, and about two years in the past, recognized 4 extra and proceed to develop these.
You create within the mid to long run, a deterrence situation primarily based on financial and safety relationships that deter China and allow the Philippines. However within the brief time period, I believe the Philippines’ greatest function right here is to resupply however proceed to be the grownup, to do it in a non-escalatory approach. And I do know that sounds loopy, that the Philippines must be the grownup within the relationship with China when certainly one of them has a GDP that’s like 30 instances the opposite’s. However that’s most likely the place we’re at.
DeTrani: I used to be in a track-two dialogue about two months in the past with former senior Chinese language authorities officers from the Folks’s Liberation Military, from the Ministry of International Affairs, et cetera. And we had been speaking about flashpoints. What are a few of the key areas that we now have to be conscious of as a result of we don’t need one other 2001 EP-3 incident, the place we might see our two international locations having an incident after which escalating?
My view was, we now have to take a look at Taiwan very carefully as a result of we’re dedicated there. However they pushed again on that and stated, No, you could have it incorrect. It’s the South China Sea that would flare up in a short time. So that is an space that China is resolute on. I believe Xi Jinping may be very resolute on this. He’s not budging and certainly america isn’t budging on freedom of navigation, and supporting our allies and companions in East Asia, just like the Philippines. And I applaud that. So if diplomacy has a job, that is the place diplomacy actually has to kick in.
We simply haven’t been speaking to China. I imply, we noticed President Biden have a very good assembly with Xi Jinping in San Francisco various months in the past. That was good. Now we see that we now have the military-to-military dialogue on the highest ranges, however that’s very nascent. That actually hasn’t kicked in diplomatically. I simply don’t assume we now have that dialogue.
Ong: I believe earlier than we will deescalate, we have to set up some type of belief. Mutual belief has been a casualty of the propaganda conflict (in opposition to the Philippines) for the previous yr, and it didn’t assist that Chinese language diplomats, who’re supposed to supply a medium for helpful exchanges, benign exchanges, have additionally develop into vectors of Chinese language propaganda. So that they need to kind out their home first, and the onus is on them to truly attain out and we return to the trust-building course of.
A second possibility can be a 3rd occasion or a disinterested interlocutor, looking for methods for each events to keep up this and begin speaking once more. However China is pushed by propaganda. We’re pushed by mistrust. We have to create that protected house for diplomatic dialog, which is nonexistent proper now.
DeTrani: We have to sit down with China and discuss all these safety points that have an effect on each our international locations and our allies and companions, and definitely within the case of the South China Sea. So we have to be tete-a-tete. We have to be sitting down with them and strolling via the particulars. And I believe that what got here out of certainly one of our most up-to-date track-two dialogues about this was that we have to have larger dialogue on these points. We actually have to be doing deep dives into these nationwide safety points in order that no less than we tee it as much as our management, in order that we don’t stumble into battle as we virtually did with the EP-3 in 2001.
The Cipher Temporary: Did you allow that track-two session feeling any higher?
DeTrani: Not likely. However no less than we had been speaking about it, proper?
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